The effect of honey on post-tonsillectomy pain relief: a randomized clinical trial

Abstract Objective: The study aimed to evaluate the effects of honey on the incidence of post-operative pain in patients undergoing tonsillectomy. Methods: This study is a double-blind and randomized controlled trial design. Twenty-four adult male patients underwent tonsillectomy surgery and were randomized assigned into three groups consist of honey group, placebo group, and control group. All subjects were given standard analgesia and antibiotics, also honey for the honey group and placebo for the placebo group, and only standard post-operative regimens for the control group. This study used silk-cotton tree or kapok tree honey (Ceiba pentandra). Honey was used by gargling every six hours for ten days. Likewise, the same method was applied in the placebo group. Pain scale was assessed for ten days using the Visual Analogue Scale questionnaire, and the frequency of analgesic drugs was recorded on days 1, 2, 4, 7, and 10. Result: Honey group showed significantly higher pain reduction when compared to placebo and control groups, with a significant reduction in the pain scale on day 1, 2, 4, 7 and 10 (p = 0.034; p = 0.003; p < 0.001; p = 0.001; p = 0.001) gradually; Significant differences were also observed in analgesic use, especially on day 2, 4 and 7 (p = 0.028; p = 0.001; p = 0.003). Conclusions: Administration of Kapok tree honey (C. pentandra) after tonsillectomy might reduce post-operative pain and reduce the need for analgesia. Therefore, honey can be considered a complementary medicine and can be administered routinely as adjunctive therapy for post-operative patients.

Orthopaedic Specialty Committee Exit Examination Amidst the COVID-19 Pandemic in Malaysia- Experiences and Reflections from the Candidates

@#Introduction: The emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic had affected the Orthopaedic Specialty Committee (OSC) Exit Examination candidates. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of this pandemic on the candidates’ teaching and learning, mental well-being, and personal experience during the examinations. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from 1st to 31st January 2021. 103 candidates for the OSC Exit Examination November 2020 were asked to answer a questionnaire. Wilcoxon signed-rank tests were used to compare differences in the frequencies before and during the pandemic. A p-value of less than 0.05 was taken as significant. Results: There was a significant reduction in the number of classes (P-value < 0.001) and examination preparatory courses conducted, reduced number and variety of patients attended and limited exposure in the operation theatre. Most candidates had virtual and physical classes, and agreed virtual clinical teaching was less effective. A majority had increased caffeine intake and smoking habits, decreased time spent with family and sports activities and no impact on sleeping hours, alcohol and analgesic usage. During the examinations, most candidates felt disturbed by the COVID-19 safety protocol and worried about the risk of contracting the infections. Conclusion: The effect of this pandemic on the post-graduate Orthopaedics students teaching and learning is massive. Virtual teaching programmes or applications that can replace the traditional clinical teaching methods should be explored and developed for the benefit of our education system.

Relationship between Attitude towards Menstruation, Self- esteem and Social Appearance Anxiety among Indian Cis- Gendered Women who Menstruate

Introduction: Menstrual Stigma starts at a very young age and is reinforced by the media, leading to people with vaginas to view it in a negative light and often experience immense guilt and anxiety related to it. On top of this, the sexism they are exposed to takes a toll on their self-esteem and mental health. The aim of the study was to establish a relationship between Attitude towards Menstruation, Self-esteem and Social Appearance Anxiety among young Indian cis-gendered women who menstruate. Method: The study had one predictive variable, Attitudes towards Menstruation, which was measured using the Attitude towards Menstruation Scale. The study had two outcome variables namely, Self-esteem which was measured using the State Self-esteem Scale; and Social Appearance Anxiety, which was measured using Social Appearance Anxiety Scale. The data was collected from 121 young cis-gendered women who could menstruate and resided in Mumbai, Thane and Navi Mumbai. The data was analyzed using two regression analyses on the predictive variable and outcome variables; and one Pearson’s correlation between the outcome variables. Result: There seems to be no relationship between the predictive and outcome variables. Attitude towards menstruation seems to be affected by several factors such as menstrual experience, level of discrimination, social support received and diagnosis of menstrual ailments. There seems to be a negative relationship between self-esteem and social appearance anxiety. Conclusion: This finding highlights a potential for therapeutic and psychoeducation interventions development for the masses.

Utilization rate of corneal tissue obtained from donors over 75 years of age in Western India for keratoplasty

Purpose: To examine the utilization patterns of cornea procured from diseased individuals ?75 years of age at an eye bank in western India. Methods: In this retrospective study, data from 1,217 eyes of 653 donors with age ?75 years were reviewed from October 2008 to December 2019. Donor age, lens status, endothelial cell count (ECD), utilization of the tissue for transplantation or non?clinical purposes (e.g., research, training/discarded), and causes of non?utilization were noted. Results: The mean age of the donors was 80.9 ± 4.6 years and the tissue utilization rate was 36.5% (445 out of 1,217 eyes). The eyes used for keratoplasty procedures had a lower donor age (79.6 ± 5.7 vs. 81.5 ± 5.1; P < 0.001), a higher endothelial cell count (2493 ± 531 vs. 2034 ± 581; P < 0.001), and were more often phakic (61% vs. 36.6%) compared to the unused group. A multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that the likelihood of tissue utilization for keratoplasty was 13% higher with every 100?cell increment in donor ECD (odds ratio [OR] = 1.13, 95% CI = 1.10–1.16, P < 0.001) and 33% lower with having a pseudophakic status in the donor eye (OR = 0.67, 95% CI = 0.52–0.87, P = 0.03). Age was not a significant determinant of tissue utilization when used in the same multivariable model. Conclusion: More than one?third of the eyes (36.5%) can be utilized even when the donors are above 75 years of age. Eyes that were more likely to be utilized for keratoplasty were phakic and had a significantly higher ECD; age was not a determinant in tissue utilization

Radiograph’s Reject Rate Among Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Dental Undergraduates And Its Implications Analisa Kadar Penolakan Imej Radiograf dan Implikasinya di Kalangan Pelajar Prasiswazah Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia / Jurnal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia

@#The aim of this study was to evaluate the reject rate of periapical and bitewing radiographs among dental undergraduate students of Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), identify the type of radiographic errors which are frequently encountered and compare reject rates between Year 3, Year 4 and Year 5 dental undergraduates. 118 rejected periapical radiographs and 27 rejected bitewing radiographs were collected from the UKM dental undergraduates’ polyclinics for a duration of 10 months. These rejected radiographs were further evaluated to determine the type of radiographic error. A spiking increase in periapical radiographs reject rate from Year 3 (4%) to Year 4 (11%) was observed. This finding was consistent with the statistically significant difference in the periapical radiographs reject rates for Year 3 and Year 4 (p = 0.0475). In periapical radiographs, the most frequently committed radiographic error was apical cut, followed by high density film. Vice versa, high density film was accounted as the most common radiographic error in bitewing radiography. Analysis of periapical and bitewing radiographs’ reject rates among UKM dental undergraduate entails the necessity to supervise undergraduate students regardless of the year of their undergraduate training in all aspects of the radiographic procedures which include positioning radiographic armamentarium, the setting of radiographic exposure time and the film processing procedure.

Dentition and Risk of Malnutrition among Elderly Patients in Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia: A Cross-Sectional Study

Objective: To assess the dentition status and its association with the risk of malnutrition among a group of elderly patients in Kuala Lumpur. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among elderly patients who attended dental clinics in the Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM). Data on oral health conditions namely the number of teeth, number of posterior occluding pairs, and denture status were gathered from patients’ dental records. The nutritional status of respondents was determined using the Malay version of Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) followed by Body Mass Index (BMI) measurement. Statistical analysis included descriptive analysis, Chi-square test of association, and correlation coefficient test. Results: Total tooth loss (edentulous) was seen in 31 (28.4%) patients from a total of 109 respondents. From those who still had natural teeth, 65.4% had less than 20 teeth. Based on the MNA score, only 1.8% were malnourished. The majority of them (78.9%) had normal nutritional status while 19.3% were at risk of malnutrition. Patients with lower education levels showed significantly lower mean MNA score and number of teeth. No significant association was noted between MNA scores and the number of teeth present. A slightly higher percentage of patients with less than 20 teeth (22.0%) were at risk of malnutrition and malnourished compared to those with more than 20 teeth (12.0%) but no significant association was observed (p>0.05). Conclusion: There was no significant association observed between the number of teeth and the risk of malnutrition among patients undergoing dental treatment in UKM

Variations in cochlear size of cochlear implant candidates

Introduction: The cochlear anatomy varies in each individual, and that has an impact on decisions regarding the insertion of electrodes. The measurement of the cochlear size is the routine examination required to choose the proper cochlear implant (CI) electrodes. Objective: To acquire normative data on the size of the cochlea (length, width, height, scala timpani [ST] height, cochlear duct length [CDL]) of CI candidates in Medan, Indonesia. Methods: This descriptive study was conducted based on high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) temporal bone data and on HRCT temporal data manipulated to reconstruct three-dimensional (3D) multiplanar images with OsiriX MD DICOM Viewer version 9.5.1 (Pixmeo SARL, Bernex, Geneva, Switzerland) viewer of 18 patients (36 ears) who were CI candidates in Medan, Indonesia, in order to determine cochlear length (A), cochlear width, cochlear height, ST height and CDL, calculated through a simple mathematical function. Results: The average cochlear length (A) was 8.75 mm (standard deviation [SD] = 0.31 mm); the average cochlear width was 6.53 mm (SD = 0.35 mm); the average cochlear height was 3.26 mm (SD = 0.24 mm) and the average ST height at the basal cochlea was 1.00 mm (SD = 0.1mm); and 0.71 mm (SD = 0.1 mm) at the half turn of cochlea. The average total CDL was 32.45 mm (SD = 1.31 mm; range: 30.01-34.83 mm). Conclusion: The cochlear size varies in each individual; therefore, the temporal bone measurement of CI candidates using HRCT is essential: for the selection of suitable implant electrodes; to minimize cochlear damages at the insertion of the electrode arrays; and to maximize the hearing improvements (AU)

Degenerative Osteophyte Causing Acute Locked Knee in a Young Man: A Case Report

Abstract@#Acute locked knee is usually caused by mechanical blockage. We report an unusual case of a locked knee due to tibial osteophyte in a young man following a sport injury. To the best of our knowledge, there has been no previous report describing the same etiology. This case report emphasizes the need for thorough history taking and careful assessment to aid us in the diagnosis. The findings made by arthroscopy confirmed our diagnosis.

principals' perspective of the learning environment in undergraduate medical colleges of a developing country

Objective: To explore the perspective of Principals in a developing country regarding the learning environment of their respective undergraduate medical colleges, thus highlighting the difficulties faced by them and obtaining their recommendations for improving the educational environment. Study Design: A concurrent mixed method study in the pragmatic paradigm using survey and interview techniques to collect data. Place and Duration of Study: Study was conducted from June 2015 to December 2015 involving institutional heads of seven undergraduate medical colleges in the twin cities of Rawalpindi and Islamabad in Pakistan

Material and Methods: Principals of seven undergraduate medical colleges in one city were given a brief questionnaire to fill which was followed by interviews. The data from the questionnaire was analyzed using SPSS-21 and the data from the interviews was analyzed using NVivo 11. Themes obtained were studied in detail for analysis and interpretation

Results: The study determined that while the learning environment in different medical colleges is neither uniform nor optimal, most institutional heads have similar opinions about major factors contributing to the learning environment and face more or less similar difficulties. Curriculum emerged as the most important factor contributing to the learning environment. Lack of resources and shortage of academic staff were the main difficulties identified. Improved standards of student and faculty selection and better coordination between the colleges and the affiliated teaching hospitals were two of the important recommendations

Conclusion: Lack of resources, shortage of the academic staff along with the curriculum issues were identified as the major factor contributing towards the learning environment

Pattern of karyotypic aberrations in pakistani patients with de novo acute myeloid leukemia

Background: Acute myeloid leukemia [AMI] is a malignant disease of the bone marrow in which karyotypic analysis is the most important diagnostic and prognostic tool for predicting remission rate, relapse and overall survival. This study was carried out to determine the frequency and type of cytogenetic aberrations in de novo acute myeloid leukemia in adults at a tertiary care hospital

Materials and methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in the Hematology Department, Liaquat National Hospital from November 2014 to April 2016.A total of 51 cases were diagnosed with AMI during the study period. Cytogenetic analysis was carried out by banding technique on bone marrow aspirate samples

Results: The mean age of the study subject was 42.03+/-17.70 years. Frequency of karyotyping abnormalities was observed in 47% of cases, in which most frequently occurring cytogenetic abnormalities were those of good cytogenetics including t[15;17] and t[8;21], seen in 23.5% and 9.8% of cases respectively. Intermediate risk cytogenetics including Del 9q was seen in 1.96% of cases. However, poor risk cytogenetics including complex cytogenetics, t[11;q23] and del [13] were seen in 7.8%, 1.96% and 1.96% of cases respectively. Normal cytogenetics was seen in 27 [52.9%] patients

Conclusion: Karyotyping is one of the most important diagnostic and prognostic tools and a maximum benefit could be attained through cytogenetic analysis. Cytogenetic aberrations in our series are more or less similar as reported at national level with preponderance of good risk cytogenetics in our setting

Single Port Laparoscopic Appendicectomy versus Open Appendicectomy in Cases of Appendicitis.

Background: Appendicectomy is the treatment for appendicitis. A recent development in Appendicectomy has been the introduction of less invasive single incision laparoscopic surgery. There are still many unanswered questions regarding efficiency of this new technique in terms of benefits, cosmetic outcome, complications, etc. To study and compare the outcome, effectiveness and safety of single port laparoscopic Appendicectomy with that of open appendectomy. Methods: This comparative study was carried out to analyze and evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of single port laparoscopic appendicectomy over open appendicectomy. The patient Age, sex, time of surgery, start up time, anesthesia given, Post-operative pain, Period of Nil by Mouth, Hospital stay and Post-operative complications were studied and compared. Results: The study of 137 patient revealed Single port laparoscopic appendicectomy better over open appendicectomy in terms of early resumption of oral feeds, shorter duration of stay, early resumption of daily activities and excellent cosmetic results. All these advantages are at a cost of slightly increased duration of surgery, steep learning curve and higher overall cost. Conclusion: Going by our study we definitely find an overall advantage of single port laparoscopic appendicectomy over Open appendicectomy.

Evaluation of Efficacy of Ultrasonography in the Assessment of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation in Subjects with Myositis and Myofascial Pain

BACKGROUND: The study aimed to determine if ultrasonography of masseter can be used to evaluate the outcome of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) in subjects with temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) such as myositis and myofascial pain. METHODS: Fifteen TMD subjects with myofascial pain/myositis who satisfied the RDC/McNeil criteria were included in the study. All the subjects were administered TENS therapy for a period of 6 days (30 minutes per session). The mouth opening (in millimeters) and severity of pain (visual analogue scale score) and ultrasonographic thickness of the masseter (in millimeters) in the region of trigger/tender areas was assessed in all the subjects both prior and post TENS therapy. A comparison of the pre-treatment and post-treatment values of the VAS score, mouth opening and masseter thickness was done with the help of a t-test. RESULTS: There was a significant reduction in the thickness of masseter muscle (P = 0.028) and VAS scores (P < 0.001) post TENS therapy. There was also a significant improvement in the mouth opening (P = 0.011) post TENS therapy. CONCLUSIONS: In the present study, ultrasonography was found to be an effective measuring tool in the assessment of TENS therapy in subjects with myositis and myofascial pain.

Course enjoyment and learning style of participants of a distance learning program in health professions education [HPE]

Objective: To identify and relate enjoyment levels of various components of MCPS-HPE course and the learning styles of the course participants followed by explanation of the reasons for enjoyment, non-enjoyment and how enjoyment factors can be enhanced

Study Design: Mixed method sequential study

Place and Duration of Study: College of physicians and surgeons, Pakistan, Regional Center, Lahore from January 2013 to April 2014

Material and Methods: Learning style of MCPS-HPE course participants of 2011-13 batch was identified through Kolb's Learning Style Inventory version 3.1; and participant's perception of the most enjoyable areas in the contact sessions and assignment completion were sought on two respective survey forms followed by structured interviews

Analysis of the quantitative data was performed using SPSS version 19. [Framework method] was used for the manual analysis of qualitative data

Result: Learners identified social interaction, team work, knowledge construction, active learning and self-efficacy as enjoyable while cognitive overload, disruptions in learning, and deadlines as factors impeding enjoyment. Acquiring learning skills, contextual simplified learning, addressing disruptions and promoting active learning and proactive mentorship were suggested as measures for improving enjoyment level. Predominantly our participants were convergers who enjoyed the course more than those with other learning styles. Conclusion: Team work along with experiential learning improves learners' self-efficacy and enthusiasm. Ensuring contextual learning and proactive mentoring can address negative impact of cognitive overload, inappropriate facilitator's attitude and deadlines on course enjoyment while taking into account various learning styles

Creases/lines on skin: dilemma and counter

In youthful skin, the collagen support is intact and the skin remains moisturized and stretchy. It is flexible to numerous facial expressions that have been espoused, as well as on a daily basis atmospheric/environmental exposure. However, as the time passes the support and organization declines and the skin becomes unable to restore its elasticity. The skin commences to lose its attitude as the collagen support deteriorates. Whenever someone grin, frowns, or squint, it put strain on the collagen in the skin. The consequence of these facial expressions is collective and facial lines initiate to become visible. This review covers the advancements of injectable fillers for filling in wrinkles or creases in the face. To achieve the finest results in treating facial wrinkles or depressions, the suitable filler must be injected with a skill that suits best the individual indication. Fillers are classified as resorbable and non-resorbable stable fillers. With resorbable fillers only a provisional result can be obtained, that means the patient has to experience cyclical management. Whereas with non-resorbable fillers long-term fall out can be attained that may last for years and even decades. All fillers may have side effects like swelling, erythema, nodules subsequent to treatment and in very rare cases years after the injection odd body granulomas may produce that may be defiant to treat

Serum Fasting Lipid Profile In Children And Adolescents With -Thalassaemia Major In Southern Pakistan

Objective: Serum fasting lipid profile has been studied in various clinical spectrum of Beta (β)- thalassaemia syndrome. Premature cardiac impairment in thalassaemia major appears primarily due to iron accumulation and oxidative injury; however it might be a sequel of abnormal lipoprotein concentrations. The rational of this study is to analyse the serum fasting lipid profile in cardiovascular disease free β-thalassaemia major (β-TM) patients. Relationships with age, gender, haematological parameters, liver enzymes and serum ferritin were observed. Method: Fasting serum lipid levels, liver function test (LFT), complete blood count (CBC) and serum ferritin were measured in 36 patients with homozygous β-TM from March 2012 to March 2014. Patients were stratified into two groups, age ≤15 and >15 years, to determine the possible lipid profile distinction in relation to age. Results: 17 were males and 19 were females, with median age of 12.0 years. The mean total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) were 5.01±1.32 and 8.36±5.28 mmol/L respectively. High TG was detected in 36.1%, while high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) were markedly low, 0.98±0.51 and 2.35±1.22 mmol/L respectively. No statistically significant difference was noted between the two age groups. The median TC to HDL ratio (TC:HDL) was elevated, 5.7 (4.0). We established significant correlation of total bilirubin with TC (r=-0.4), HDL(r=-0.5) and LDL (r=-0.4) (P<0.05). Conclusion: Dyslipidaemia in β-TM patients is irrespective of age and gender including low HDL and high TC:HDL, whilst high TC:HDL may contribute as a significant risk marker for future cardiac events in these patients.

A Preliminary Study of Malay and Chinese Bite Mark in UKM Using Dental Wax / Jurnal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia

Identifi cation of unknown suspect through bite marks has always been challenging. Narrowing list of suspects through sex and race markers is always recommend but rarely utilized due to limited publication in this area. Thus, this preliminary research was aimed to study the difference of bite mark made on dental wax between sex and race. A sample size of 40 UKM undergraduates comprising of Malay (male = 10, female = 10) and Chinese (male = 10, female = 10) were used in this study. Bite mark of subject was obtained through dental wax, digitally scanned and analyzed using Image-J software. Parameters measured were anterior teeth size, intercanine width and anterior teeth relative rotation. Result indicated that mandible left canine tooth size had signifi cant sexual dimorphism (p < 0.05) in differentiating sex. The means for male and female measured were 4.63 ± 1.05 mm and 5.35 ± 0.87 mm respectively. In addition to the result, tooth size of maxillary left canine and mandible left lateral incisor were signifi cantly different (p < 0.05) between races. Means for mandible left canine Malay and Chinese were 5.27 ± 1.01 mm and 4.50 ± 1.22 mm respectively. Furthermore, left lateral incisor mandible had means of 5.15 ± 0.87 mm and 4.60 ± 0.74 mm for Malay and Chinese respectively. Unfortunately, there were no signifi cant differences for intercanine width and anterior teeth relative rotation between the two major races in Malaysia. In conclusion, this research has demonstrated the possibility of using tooth size of mandible left canine, maxillary left canine and mandible left lateral discriminate sex and race.

Effect of smoking on C-reactive protein levels in chronic periodontitis

The objective of the study was to compare the effect of smoking on the level of C-reactive protein [CRP] in chronic periodontal disease. The response of periodontal treatment and its effect on the level of the CRP was also observed in both groups. Hundred patients with chronic periodontitis were taken. Smoking history of the patients was assessed and accordingly, they were categorized as: Group A [smokers] and Group B [non- smokers]. Periodontal evaluation was done on every patient and blood samples were collected for noting the levels of CRP. All patients were then given treatment of chronic periodontitis by mechanical removal of calculus as well as prescription of antimicrobials and mouth rinses. Periodontal evaluation and blood samples were repeated three months after the given treatment to check the change in CRP levels. At Baseline, CRP levels of smoker group was more than non- smoker group. Three months after the given periodontal treatment, the periodontal health was significantly improved. Mean CRP level in both smoker group and non- smoker group was significantly decreased. Chronic periodontitis has significant effect on CRP levels. Chronic periodontitis may add to the inflammatory burden of an individual and this can be reverted to some extent if appropriate treatment is given. This response will not be affected by adverse effects of smoking

Developing professionalism: dental students' perspective

To explore the undergraduate dental students' insight of their professionalism development through Focus Group Discussions [FGD]. Constructivist approach using qualitative phenomenological design. Fatima Memorial Hospital, College of Dentistry, Lahore, from April to June 2011. Four FGDs of 1st year [8 students], 2nd year [6 students], 3rd year [6 students] and 4th year [6 students] enrolled in Bachelor of Dental Surgery [BDS] program were conducted to explore how they have developed various elements of professionalism namely altruism, accountability, excellence, duty and service, honor and integrity, and respect for all; and how professionalism can be further developed in them. The FGDs were audio taped, transcribed and analyzed through thematic analysis. Triangulation of themes and trends were done through content analysis by relating to their respective frequency of quotes. Data verification was done through audit by second author. Role models and social responsibility were the main reasons in the students' professionalism development thus far with personal virtues and reasons; religion; and punishment and reward contributing to a lesser degree. Training contributed least but was deemed most in furthering professionalism. Excessive workload [quota] and uncongenial educational environment were considered detrimental to the cause. Formal planning and implementation of professionalism curriculum; selection of students with appropriate attributes; control of hidden curriculum, including effective role models, good educational and working environments will foster professionalism among dental students maximally

Effects of pre-operative submucosal dexamethasone injection on the postoperative swelling and trismus following surgical extraction of mandibular third molar

To determine the effects of pre-operative submucosal dexamethasone injection on postoperative swelling and trismus following surgical extraction of mandibular third molar. Randomized controlled trial. Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Armed Forces Institute of Dentistry [AFID], Rawalpindi, from October 2009 to March 2010. A total of 100 patients aged 18 - 40 years with good periodontal health and mesioangular impaction were divided in two treatment groups [50 in each group]. Group-A received prophylactic 4 mg submucosal dexamethasone intraoral injection and Group-B acted as control group. Facial swelling and trismus were assessed at baseline, 2nd and 7th postoperative days. Data was analyzed using SPSS-10. There were 35 [70%] males and 15 [30%] females in group-A and 34 [68%] males and 16 [32%] females in group-B. Surgical time ranged from 30 - 50 minutes [mean = 40.62 +/- 4.886 minutes] for group-A and 33 - 50 minutes [mean = 42.12 +/- 4.543 minutes] for group-B. Administration of dexamethasone had statistically significant effect in reduction of swelling and trismus on second postoperative day [p < 0.05] in group-A. Pre-operative 4 mg submucosal dexamethasone injection was significantly effective in reduction of postoperative swelling and trismus